Papiliolebias ashleyae n. sp. is described from Bolivia, departamento de Santa Cruz, Rio San Pablo, upper Mamoré basin. Papiliolebias ashleyae n. sp. is distinguished from other Papiliolebias species by a combination of characters: male overall color pattern of body, caudal- and pelvic-fins brownish red (vs. dark blue); transverse brownish red bars in dorsal and anal fins located between black and white bar at base of dorsal and anal fins and blue area in distal part of dorsal and anal fins (vs. absence of redbrown stripe on the remaining species of the genus, where the color of dorsal and anal fins is blue with a black stripe and white spots at the base of the fins); dorsal-fin origin at vertical through base of anal fin rays 9th-10th (vs. dorsal fin origin at vertical through base of anal fin rays 7th-8th in P. bitteri and 6th-9th in P. hatinne) and pelvic fins separated by small interspace of 4 mm (vs. not separated). 

Breeding this species is difficult and for experienced aquarists. They do not need special tanks or water conditions but the eggs are very small and the fry, that will develop in the eggs in about 3 months, need to have very small plankton or infusoria in the first week or two. After that period fresh artemia nauplii can be given also. It is wise to put one male with several females in an breeding tank together. The male can be a little aggressive in his behaviour to the females. Better is it, if you have many animals, to put an group of males and females together in an bigger tank with a lot of hidingplaces and several dishes to spawn.

Eggs are put on- in- and above the substrate that should be a layer of cooked and rinsed peatmoss that is kept free of pollution. To avoid the mix with food or detritus it is advised to put the spawning medium in a low dish on the bottom. Rins it very good after collecting and store the peat in warm condition from about 25 C.
They can be very productive but still this species is not widely spread among hobbyists because of small availability and varius breeding results.

Nielsen D.T.B. & R. Brousseau, 2014. Description of a new annual fish, Papiliolebias ashleyae
(Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the upper Rio Mamoré basin, Bolivia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 20 no. 1